Manganese Elements, Alloys and Symbols
- Alabandite, Mnsio2
- Psilomelane, Mno2,Mno, etc.
- Franklinite, ( Fe, Mn,, Zn ) (Fe, Mn) 2 O4
- Braunite Mn2 (oH)2 O2 Wad, mixture of oxides.
- Manganite, Mn2 (oH)2 O2
- Alabandite, Mnsio2
- Psilomelane, Mno2,Mno, etc.
- Franklinite, ( Fe, Mn,, Zn ) (Fe, Mn) 2 O4
- Braunite Mn2 (oH)2 O2 Wad, mixture of oxides.
- Manganite, Mn2 (oH)2 O2
- Rhodochrosite, Mn CO3
- Pyrolusite, Mno2
- Rhodonite, MnSiO3
Manganese is an element that is widely distributed in small amounts. Traces of it at least are to be found in most rocks. It most commonly occurs in silicates , oxides and carbonates. The oxides are most abundant, and practically all of the metal is derived from them.
The ore deposits of manganese are ordinarily of secondary origin. The manganese existing in the rock-making silicates, through the agency weathering processes, is changed to an oxide. By some process of concentration these minerals often gathered together into irregular bodies lying in residual clays. At times the manganese oxides occur associated with iron oxides, and when this is the case the two are smelted together to form directly an iron manganese alloy used making steel. Manganese minerals also frequently occur as gangue minerals in connection with silver ores. A manganese ore to be of commercial value should contain at least 40 per cent of metallic manganese and be low in percentages of phosphorus and silica.
Manganese is obtained in the United States from the following materials.:
Manganese ores, manganiferous iron ores, manganiferous silver ores, and from the residuum left from smelting the zinc ores of Franklin Furnace, New
Jersey. Manganese ores are found in commercial deposits in Virginia, Georgia, Arkansas, Montana and California. Manganiferous iron ores are found in Virginia, and at various places in the Lake Superior Iron-oredistricts. Manganiferous silver ores are found in the rocky Mountain and Great Basin regions, the principal locality being Leadville, Colorado.The zincoresa of Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, contain small percentages of manganese , chiefly in the mineral franklinite, and in the smelting of them the manganese remains in the residuum from which it is later obtained. Because of the small domestic production of manganese ores large amounts have to be imported. Import foreign deposits are in India and Brazil, the Gold Coast of West Africa, and in the Caucasus Mts.,Russia.
Manganese is chiefly used in the form of alloys, those with iron being the most important. Spiegeleisen is an alloy of iron and manganese containing
Below 20 per cent of manganese, while ferromanganese contains manganese ranging in amount from 20 to 90 per cent. These alloys are extensively used in the manufacture of steel. They serve to take away any oxygen that might be in the iron, the oxygen uniting with the manganese and going into the slag. They serve also to introduce carbon into the steel and to prevent its oxidation, and also to counteract the bad effects of sulfur and phosphorus. Manganese has also of itself a hardening influence
On steel. For these reasons manganese steels have a wide use.
Chemical uses of manganese compounds include the use of the oxide, pryrolusite, MnO2, as an oxididizer in the manufacture, of chlorine, bromine and oxygen, as a drier in paints and varnishes, as a decolorizer of glass, and in the dry-cell battery. Potassium permandanate is used as a disinfectant. Manganese is used in printing and for coloring bricks, pottery and glass.
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