Crystallography, Optical Properties and Cleavage
Cleavage. Many minerals when fracture breaks with definite and smooth flat surface which are known as cleavage planes. Common salt, halite, for instance, cleavers in three different planes which are at right angles to each other. It is said, therefore, to have a cubic forms also. The planes of cleavage are found to be always parallel to the manual cubic crystal faces. If the internal structure of halite was heterogeneous, the fact that it always shows this cubical cleavage would be inexplicable. It can only be explained by assuming some definite internal arrangement which permits and controls such a cleavage.
Optical Properties. All transparent crystals have definite effects upon the light which passes through them. Many of them further produce changes in the character of the light which cannot be accounted for except through the constraining influence of the internal structure of the mineral. Take the case of calcite as and example. IN general, if you look at an object through a clear block of calcite you will observe a double image. The mineral, in other words, has the power of doubly refracting light. Further, it can be proved that each of the two rays into which calcite breaks up light has a definite plane of vibration, i.e., each ray is polarized. A piece of glass similar un shape to the calcite block would not have produced these effects, because the internal structure of glass is heterogeneous, while that of calcite is definite and regular.
Regular and Constant Outward Form. If a series of objects all having the same shape and size are grouped together according to some regular arrangement, the resulting mass will have a definite form which will bear a strict relationship to the character of the individual objects and the law which was followed in assembling them. As a simple illustration, consider an ordinary pile of bricks. If each individual brick is exactly like every other in size and all of them are piled together according to a regular plan, the shape of the resulting mass will have a definite form which will bear a strict relationship to the character of the individual objects and the law which was followed in assembling them. As a simple illustration, consider an ordinary pile of bricks. If each individual brick is exactly like every other in size and all of them are piled together according to some regular arrangement, the resulting mass will have a definite form which will bear a strict relationship to the character of the individual objects and the law which was followed in assembling the. As a simple illustration, consider an ordinary pile of bricks. If each individual brick is exactly like every other in size and all of them are piled together according to a regular plan, the shape of the resulting mass will depend directly upon the shape of the individual bricks and the law which governed their arrangement. Figures A and B, Plate I, are reproductions from photographs of models which are built up solidly of small steel balls. All of the constituent particles of each model are exactly alike in shape and size, and they have been piled together according to a regular arrangement. The result has been, as is shown in the figures, to produce regularly and definitely shaped solids. If therefore a regular arrangement of uniform particles produces a solid with a definite shape, the converse proposition must be true. If we have a mineral which occurs in certain characteristic and uniformly shaped crystals (halite, for example, in cubes), it must follow that this could only be accomplished through the mineral possessing a regular internal structure.
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